雨量記錄儀中雨量計的工作原理及常見故障解決方法
來源： http://www.98fo.cn/ 類別：實用技術 更新時間：2013-03-06 閱讀次
【本資訊由中國糧油儀器網提供】 隨sui著zhe夏xia季ji汛xun期qi的de到dao來lai，經jing常chang需xu要yao查zha看kan一yi定ding範fan圍wei內nei的de降jiang水shui資zi料liao。但dan往wang往wang一yi場chang短duan時shi強qiang降jiang水shui結jie束shu後hou，一yi些xie降jiang水shui較jiao強qiang地di區qu的de站zhan點dian降jiang雨yu量liang沒mei有you雨yu量liang或huo是shi雨yu量liang很hen小xiao，還hai有you就jiu是shi降jiang雨yu基ji本ben結jie束shu，一yi些xie地di區qu還hai有you很hen長chang時shi間jian的de降jiang水shui記ji錄lu。這zhe些xie不bu真zhen實shi的de降jiang水shui數shu據ju都dou會hui影ying響xiang對dui區qu域yu降jiang水shui量liang的de統tong計ji，降jiang水shui分fen布bu以yi及ji防fang汛xun抗kang旱han和he政zheng府fu部bu門men的de決jue策ce。因yin此ci區qu域yu站zhan保bao障zhang雨量記錄儀中雨量計正常運行，是日常業務重要工作。
現用雨量計及其工作原理：目mu前qian市shi國guo家jia級ji氣qi象xiang站zhan和he區qu域yu自zi動dong站zhan主zhu要yao使shi用yong的de雨yu量liang記ji錄lu儀yi中zhong雨yu量liang計ji是shi雙shuang翻fan鬥dou雨yu量liang計ji和he單dan翻fan鬥dou雨yu量liang計ji。雙shuang翻fan鬥dou雨yu量liang計ji作zuo為wei主zhu要yao的de測ce量liang降jiang水shui的de傳chuan感gan器qi被bei廣guang泛fan的de使shi用yong在zai的de國guo家jia級ji氣qi象xiang站zhan中zhong。雙shuang翻fan鬥dou雨yu量liang計ji的de優you點dian是shi它ta有you控kong製zhi降jiang水shui流liu量liang的de部bu件jian，使shi強qiang度du不bu同tong的de自zi然ran降jiang水shui調tiao節jie為wei比bi較jiao均jun勻yun的de降jiang水shui，減jian少shao了le由you於yu降jiang水shui強qiang度du不bu同tong所suo造zao成cheng的de誤wu差cha。單dan翻fan鬥dou雨yu量liang計ji的de優you點dian是shi水shui流liu路lu徑jing短duan，具ju有you融rong雪xue功gong能neng冬dong天tian可ke以yi測ce量liang固gu態tai降jiang水shui，方fang便bian維wei護hu等deng。下xia麵mian對dui兩liang類lei雨yu量liang計ji及ji其qi工gong作zuo原yuan理li進jin行xing簡jian單dan描miao述shu。
雙翻鬥雨量計及工作原理：雙翻鬥雨量計的傳感器部分主要包括進水漏鬥、上翻鬥、彙集漏鬥、計量翻鬥、jishufandouheganhuangguanzucheng，jiangshuicongchengshuiqitongguojinshuiloudouranhoujinrushangfandou，dangshangfandouliuruyidingliangdeyushuihoufandoufanzhuanjiangyuliangdaoruhuijiloudou，lingyiloudoukaishijieshui。jiangshuitongguohuijiloudouliurujiliangfandou，dangjiliangfandouliuruyidingliangdejiangshuihoubianhuifanzhuanjiangjiangshuiliurujishufandouzhong，jishufandoubianhuifandongyici，meifandongyicibiansaomiaoyiciganhuangguan，shiganhuangguanliantong，fachuyigekaiguanxinhao(或脈衝信號，1脈衝定位0.1mm)，並傳輸到采集器當中。
單翻鬥融雪雨量計：danfandourongxueyuliangjidechuanganqibufenzhuyaoyoujishufandouheganhuangguanzucheng。rongxueyuliangjideceliangyuanliheshuangfandouyuliangjijibenyizhi，yeshicaiyongjishufandoufandongduiganhuangguanjinxingsaomiaoceliangyuliangde。ciwaihaiduoleyigejiareyuanjian，dangqiwendiyu4℃時開始啟用，可以通過加熱的形式將冬天的降雪融化測量降水量。有優點有采用單翻鬥，維護次數少，適合野外無人值守自動站；冬季可以測融雪降水量。不足雨量計需要單獨對加熱元件供40V的直流電，增加自動站供電係統複雜性；在精度上低於雙翻鬥雨量計。
目前主要使用雨量記錄儀的雨量計主要出現的故障及解決方法：朝陽大部分的雨量記錄儀采用雙翻鬥雨量計下麵主要談一談雙翻鬥雨量計主要出現的問題和解決方法。日常運行中常出現的問題：漏鬥堵塞，從朝陽自動站維護記錄上來看引起雨量數據不正常70%deyuanyinshiyouyuloudoudusaizaochengde。zuirongyifashengdusaideloudoushihuijiloudou，qizhuyaogongnengshikongzhiyushuideliuliang，jiangfenbubujunjiangyuliangtiaokongchengweijiaojunyundejiangshui，dancichuyuliangliusujianhuanjingchangdaozhinishaduijidusailoudoudechushuikouchu，shideyuliangbiandebuzhengchang。ciwaichengshuiqiheshangfandouzhijiandejinshuiloudouyehuibeinishaduzhudaozhiyushuiliutongbuchang。gaileiwentichuxiandebiaozhengshimei5分fen鍾zhong監jian測ce的de雨yu量liang數shu明ming顯xian小xiao於yu周zhou圍wei測ce站zhan，或huo是shi降jiang水shui過guo程cheng已yi基ji本ben結jie束shu但dan是shi該gai測ce站zhan每mei過guo一yi段duan時shi間jian都dou會hui有you微wei量liang降jiang水shui產chan生sheng。一yi般ban在zai出chu現xian該gai問wen題ti時shi首shou先xian檢jian查zha雨yu量liang計ji各ge個ge漏lou鬥dou是shi否fou有you堵du塞sai的de現xian象xiang。
雨量記錄儀的計數元件故障，計數元件故障占朝陽雨量數據不正常的20%，導致該故障的主要原因有三種情況：1，幹簧管損壞，該問題出現一般是由於在維護期間旋轉接線柱損壞幹簧管，或是幹簧管到了使用年限。2，出chu水shui漏lou鬥dou堵du塞sai，出chu水shui漏lou鬥dou主zhu要yao位wei於yu計ji數shu翻fan鬥dou的de下xia方fang，泥ni沙sha也ye會hui在zai此ci沉chen積ji堵du塞sai出chu水shui口kou，當dang出chu水shui漏lou鬥dou中zhong的de水shui積ji滿man時shi，計ji數shu翻fan鬥dou會hui漂piao浮fu在zai水shui麵mian上shang無wu法fa翻fan轉zhuan。3，計ji數shu漏lou鬥dou鏽xiu住zhu無wu法fa翻fan轉zhuan，在zai日ri常chang的de維wei護hu中zhong還hai發fa現xian，幹gan簧huang管guan處chu於yu正zheng常chang狀zhuang態tai計ji數shu漏lou鬥dou下xia方fang也ye無wu積ji水shui，但dan仍reng有you降jiang雨yu過guo後hou雨yu量liang為wei零ling的de情qing況kuang。導dao致zhi此ci原yuan因yin可ke能neng是shi計ji數shu翻fan鬥dou和he雨yu量liang計ji的de接jie觸chu點dian鏽xiu住zhu無wu法fa翻fan轉zhuan，此ci類lei問wen題ti雖sui然ran在zai維wei護hu中zhong隻zhi出chu現xian過guo一yi次ci，但dan要yao對dui這zhe種zhong問wen題ti引yin起qi注zhu意yi。上shang述shu三san種zhong問wen題ti出chu現xian表biao征zheng是shi測ce站zhan監jian測ce的de雨yu量liang數shu始shi終zhong為wei零ling。一yi般ban在zai降jiang雨yu量liang為wei零ling的de時shi候hou對dui雨yu量liang計ji檢jian查zha首shou先xian查zha看kan出chu水shui漏lou鬥dou是shi否fou積ji水shui使shi計ji數shu漏lou鬥dou漂piao於yu水shui麵mian；然後在翻動計數漏鬥時用萬用表測接線柱兩端是否有閉合現象，最後再在進水口加入少量的水查看計數翻鬥是否翻轉。
雨量記錄儀故障的解決方法：解jie決jue漏lou鬥dou堵du塞sai問wen題ti一yi般ban是shi清qing理li雨yu量liang桶tong底di座zuo周zhou邊bian塵chen土tu，將jiang雨yu量liang傳chuan感gan器qi卸xie下xia用yong鐵tie絲si等deng疏shu通tong出chu水shui口kou，並bing用yong清qing水shui和he毛mao刷shua，清qing洗xi漏lou鬥dou和he雨yu水shui流liu過guo的de路lu徑jing，加jia強qiang對dui雨yu量liang計ji的de巡xun視shi和he清qing洗xi工gong作zuo。計ji數shu元yuan件jian故gu障zhang問wen題ti一yi般ban解jie決jue方fang法fa是shi清qing理li出chu水shui漏lou鬥dou，給gei計ji數shu翻fan鬥dou和he雨yu量liang計ji的de接jie觸chu點dian加jia一yi點dian潤run滑hua油you和he更geng換huan幹gan簧huang管guan。以yi上shang問wen題ti是shi朝chao陽yang局ju在zai日ri常chang維wei護hu雨yu量liang計ji時shi常chang出chu現xian的de問wen題ti和he解jie決jue方fang法fa，加jia強qiang對dui雨yu量liang計ji的de維wei護hu，每mei次ci降jiang水shui時shi及ji降jiang水shui過guo後hou及ji時shi分fen析xi區qu域yu內nei的de降jiang水shui分fen布bu，對dui有you疑yi議yi的de自zi動dong站zhan進jin行xing檢jian查zha。在zai日ri常chang維wei護hu中zhong多duo進jin行xing巡xun視shi和he定ding期qi清qing理li各ge部bu件jian，會hui增zeng加jia雨yu量liang數shu據ju的de準zhun確que性xing。也ye為wei今jin後hou天tian氣qi預yu報bao服fu務wu和he防fang汛xun抗kang旱han服fu務wu提ti供gong可ke靠kao數shu據ju。從cong上shang述shu分fen析xi漏lou鬥dou堵du塞sai是shi翻fan鬥dou式shi雨yu量liang計ji主zhu要yao容rong易yi出chu現xian故gu障zhang的de地di方fang，尤you其qi是shi雙shuang翻fan鬥dou式shi雨yu量liang計ji，需xu要yao人ren員yuan加jia強qiang日ri常chang維wei護hu。在zai相xiang對dui平ping緩huan的de降jiang水shui過guo程cheng中zhong，單dan、雙翻鬥雨量計都有較高精度。單翻鬥雨量計雖然在精度上低於雙翻鬥雨量計，但是維護量較小，可用於日常不利於維護的地方。
現用雨量計及其工作原理：目mu前qian市shi國guo家jia級ji氣qi象xiang站zhan和he區qu域yu自zi動dong站zhan主zhu要yao使shi用yong的de雨yu量liang記ji錄lu儀yi中zhong雨yu量liang計ji是shi雙shuang翻fan鬥dou雨yu量liang計ji和he單dan翻fan鬥dou雨yu量liang計ji。雙shuang翻fan鬥dou雨yu量liang計ji作zuo為wei主zhu要yao的de測ce量liang降jiang水shui的de傳chuan感gan器qi被bei廣guang泛fan的de使shi用yong在zai的de國guo家jia級ji氣qi象xiang站zhan中zhong。雙shuang翻fan鬥dou雨yu量liang計ji的de優you點dian是shi它ta有you控kong製zhi降jiang水shui流liu量liang的de部bu件jian，使shi強qiang度du不bu同tong的de自zi然ran降jiang水shui調tiao節jie為wei比bi較jiao均jun勻yun的de降jiang水shui，減jian少shao了le由you於yu降jiang水shui強qiang度du不bu同tong所suo造zao成cheng的de誤wu差cha。單dan翻fan鬥dou雨yu量liang計ji的de優you點dian是shi水shui流liu路lu徑jing短duan，具ju有you融rong雪xue功gong能neng冬dong天tian可ke以yi測ce量liang固gu態tai降jiang水shui，方fang便bian維wei護hu等deng。下xia麵mian對dui兩liang類lei雨yu量liang計ji及ji其qi工gong作zuo原yuan理li進jin行xing簡jian單dan描miao述shu。
雙翻鬥雨量計及工作原理：雙翻鬥雨量計的傳感器部分主要包括進水漏鬥、上翻鬥、彙集漏鬥、計量翻鬥、jishufandouheganhuangguanzucheng，jiangshuicongchengshuiqitongguojinshuiloudouranhoujinrushangfandou，dangshangfandouliuruyidingliangdeyushuihoufandoufanzhuanjiangyuliangdaoruhuijiloudou，lingyiloudoukaishijieshui。jiangshuitongguohuijiloudouliurujiliangfandou，dangjiliangfandouliuruyidingliangdejiangshuihoubianhuifanzhuanjiangjiangshuiliurujishufandouzhong，jishufandoubianhuifandongyici，meifandongyicibiansaomiaoyiciganhuangguan，shiganhuangguanliantong，fachuyigekaiguanxinhao(或脈衝信號，1脈衝定位0.1mm)，並傳輸到采集器當中。
單翻鬥融雪雨量計：danfandourongxueyuliangjidechuanganqibufenzhuyaoyoujishufandouheganhuangguanzucheng。rongxueyuliangjideceliangyuanliheshuangfandouyuliangjijibenyizhi，yeshicaiyongjishufandoufandongduiganhuangguanjinxingsaomiaoceliangyuliangde。ciwaihaiduoleyigejiareyuanjian，dangqiwendiyu4℃時開始啟用，可以通過加熱的形式將冬天的降雪融化測量降水量。有優點有采用單翻鬥，維護次數少，適合野外無人值守自動站；冬季可以測融雪降水量。不足雨量計需要單獨對加熱元件供40V的直流電，增加自動站供電係統複雜性；在精度上低於雙翻鬥雨量計。
目前主要使用雨量記錄儀的雨量計主要出現的故障及解決方法：朝陽大部分的雨量記錄儀采用雙翻鬥雨量計下麵主要談一談雙翻鬥雨量計主要出現的問題和解決方法。日常運行中常出現的問題：漏鬥堵塞，從朝陽自動站維護記錄上來看引起雨量數據不正常70%deyuanyinshiyouyuloudoudusaizaochengde。zuirongyifashengdusaideloudoushihuijiloudou，qizhuyaogongnengshikongzhiyushuideliuliang，jiangfenbubujunjiangyuliangtiaokongchengweijiaojunyundejiangshui，dancichuyuliangliusujianhuanjingchangdaozhinishaduijidusailoudoudechushuikouchu，shideyuliangbiandebuzhengchang。ciwaichengshuiqiheshangfandouzhijiandejinshuiloudouyehuibeinishaduzhudaozhiyushuiliutongbuchang。gaileiwentichuxiandebiaozhengshimei5分fen鍾zhong監jian測ce的de雨yu量liang數shu明ming顯xian小xiao於yu周zhou圍wei測ce站zhan，或huo是shi降jiang水shui過guo程cheng已yi基ji本ben結jie束shu但dan是shi該gai測ce站zhan每mei過guo一yi段duan時shi間jian都dou會hui有you微wei量liang降jiang水shui產chan生sheng。一yi般ban在zai出chu現xian該gai問wen題ti時shi首shou先xian檢jian查zha雨yu量liang計ji各ge個ge漏lou鬥dou是shi否fou有you堵du塞sai的de現xian象xiang。
雨量記錄儀的計數元件故障，計數元件故障占朝陽雨量數據不正常的20%，導致該故障的主要原因有三種情況：1，幹簧管損壞，該問題出現一般是由於在維護期間旋轉接線柱損壞幹簧管，或是幹簧管到了使用年限。2，出chu水shui漏lou鬥dou堵du塞sai，出chu水shui漏lou鬥dou主zhu要yao位wei於yu計ji數shu翻fan鬥dou的de下xia方fang，泥ni沙sha也ye會hui在zai此ci沉chen積ji堵du塞sai出chu水shui口kou，當dang出chu水shui漏lou鬥dou中zhong的de水shui積ji滿man時shi，計ji數shu翻fan鬥dou會hui漂piao浮fu在zai水shui麵mian上shang無wu法fa翻fan轉zhuan。3，計ji數shu漏lou鬥dou鏽xiu住zhu無wu法fa翻fan轉zhuan，在zai日ri常chang的de維wei護hu中zhong還hai發fa現xian，幹gan簧huang管guan處chu於yu正zheng常chang狀zhuang態tai計ji數shu漏lou鬥dou下xia方fang也ye無wu積ji水shui，但dan仍reng有you降jiang雨yu過guo後hou雨yu量liang為wei零ling的de情qing況kuang。導dao致zhi此ci原yuan因yin可ke能neng是shi計ji數shu翻fan鬥dou和he雨yu量liang計ji的de接jie觸chu點dian鏽xiu住zhu無wu法fa翻fan轉zhuan，此ci類lei問wen題ti雖sui然ran在zai維wei護hu中zhong隻zhi出chu現xian過guo一yi次ci，但dan要yao對dui這zhe種zhong問wen題ti引yin起qi注zhu意yi。上shang述shu三san種zhong問wen題ti出chu現xian表biao征zheng是shi測ce站zhan監jian測ce的de雨yu量liang數shu始shi終zhong為wei零ling。一yi般ban在zai降jiang雨yu量liang為wei零ling的de時shi候hou對dui雨yu量liang計ji檢jian查zha首shou先xian查zha看kan出chu水shui漏lou鬥dou是shi否fou積ji水shui使shi計ji數shu漏lou鬥dou漂piao於yu水shui麵mian；然後在翻動計數漏鬥時用萬用表測接線柱兩端是否有閉合現象，最後再在進水口加入少量的水查看計數翻鬥是否翻轉。
雨量記錄儀故障的解決方法：解jie決jue漏lou鬥dou堵du塞sai問wen題ti一yi般ban是shi清qing理li雨yu量liang桶tong底di座zuo周zhou邊bian塵chen土tu，將jiang雨yu量liang傳chuan感gan器qi卸xie下xia用yong鐵tie絲si等deng疏shu通tong出chu水shui口kou，並bing用yong清qing水shui和he毛mao刷shua，清qing洗xi漏lou鬥dou和he雨yu水shui流liu過guo的de路lu徑jing，加jia強qiang對dui雨yu量liang計ji的de巡xun視shi和he清qing洗xi工gong作zuo。計ji數shu元yuan件jian故gu障zhang問wen題ti一yi般ban解jie決jue方fang法fa是shi清qing理li出chu水shui漏lou鬥dou，給gei計ji數shu翻fan鬥dou和he雨yu量liang計ji的de接jie觸chu點dian加jia一yi點dian潤run滑hua油you和he更geng換huan幹gan簧huang管guan。以yi上shang問wen題ti是shi朝chao陽yang局ju在zai日ri常chang維wei護hu雨yu量liang計ji時shi常chang出chu現xian的de問wen題ti和he解jie決jue方fang法fa，加jia強qiang對dui雨yu量liang計ji的de維wei護hu，每mei次ci降jiang水shui時shi及ji降jiang水shui過guo後hou及ji時shi分fen析xi區qu域yu內nei的de降jiang水shui分fen布bu，對dui有you疑yi議yi的de自zi動dong站zhan進jin行xing檢jian查zha。在zai日ri常chang維wei護hu中zhong多duo進jin行xing巡xun視shi和he定ding期qi清qing理li各ge部bu件jian，會hui增zeng加jia雨yu量liang數shu據ju的de準zhun確que性xing。也ye為wei今jin後hou天tian氣qi預yu報bao服fu務wu和he防fang汛xun抗kang旱han服fu務wu提ti供gong可ke靠kao數shu據ju。從cong上shang述shu分fen析xi漏lou鬥dou堵du塞sai是shi翻fan鬥dou式shi雨yu量liang計ji主zhu要yao容rong易yi出chu現xian故gu障zhang的de地di方fang，尤you其qi是shi雙shuang翻fan鬥dou式shi雨yu量liang計ji，需xu要yao人ren員yuan加jia強qiang日ri常chang維wei護hu。在zai相xiang對dui平ping緩huan的de降jiang水shui過guo程cheng中zhong，單dan、雙翻鬥雨量計都有較高精度。單翻鬥雨量計雖然在精度上低於雙翻鬥雨量計，但是維護量較小，可用於日常不利於維護的地方。
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